Other measures
A rigid, global “cap-and-trade” system is a good means of attaining a cut in emissions. It is a real challenge for the countries of the world to reach such an agreement, and hence it is very unlikely to be realised in the next few years. Regional CO2-markets, such as the one in the EU, are a good start, but sadly, have their limitations. The EU has to take into account that high emission costs and energy prices in Europe may lead to jobs and emissions being moved out of the EU countries. There may be other barriers that prevent change. Even today there are many examples of profitable energy efficiency measures that are not implemented.
In order to get on with necessary changes it is important to implement other measures in addition to emission trading. Subsidies can give a kick-start to the necessary development of renewable energy production. Even now, individual countries, for example, can introduce taxation on fossil fuel energy for heating, and thereby make bioenergy and heat pumps profitable. Strict requirements for energy solutions in new buildings, equipment, machines and vehicles can be made through laws and regulations. With a “carrot and stick” approach, combined with a great deal of creativity, important changes can start today